The earliest attempts to create machinima involved hacking, modding, and other techniques to manipulate both software and hardware. Today, it is much easier to make films within games, as many developers now embed cinematic tools and editors directly into them. Nevertheless, the subversive spirit of early machinima remains central to many artists working in this medium. Philosopher Alexander Galloway described this critical approach as “counter-gaming,” viewing it as a way to critically engage with the ever-expanding world of video games which is possible if you play outside the rules. What unites the works in this programme is their commitment to digital disobedience and their efforts to expose the mechanisms and ideologies hidden behind the facade of virtual worlds.